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MARYLAND 



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TARR AND McMURRY GEOGRAPHIES 



SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME 



MARYLAND 



BY 



M. AV. TWITCHELL, Ph.D. 

(JOHNS HOPKINS) 

GEOLOGIST ON THE STAFF OF THE MARYLAND 
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 



THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 
1906 



All rights reserved 



f \2'» 



r1 



LIBRARY of CONGRESS 

TvroCoDies Received 

FEB 19 1906 

^ CoHyricM Entry 

^■^' ^9/ ^/^ ^ 
CUSS J Q^mi, No. 

/ 3 cf <f y^^ 

COPY B. 



Copyright, 1906, 
By the MACMILLAN COMPANY. 



Set up and electrotyped. Published February, 1906. 



D 



PREFACE 

In writing this Supplement the endeavor has been made 
to produce a work which shall have an independent value 
as a geography of Maryland, and at the same time con- 
form as far as possible to the principles which governed 
the writing of the Series. The plan of the work involves, 
after a bri^ef introductory part of a general character, a 
detailed discussion of each of the three great regions into 
which Maryland is naturally divided when its physiog- 
raphy, natural resources, and industries are considered. 
Every opportunity has been embraced to bring out the 
relationship existing between the physiographic features 
and natural resources and the occupations and activities 
of the people in each region discussed. 

Teachers of schools located in either the Piedmont 
Plateau or the Coastal Plain would do well to take up 
the study of their own region immediately after finishing 
the Introductory Section. This will be carrying the idea 
of " home geography " into the larger sphere of the adja- 
cent region. Schools located in the Appalachian Region 
will not have to make any change. The endeavor has 
been made to incorporate as many brief type studies of 
particular industries as the limited size of the work would 
permit. It is suggested that teachers make free use of 
these type studies and supplement them with others by 
consulting the works of reference mentioned in the Appen- 



vi PREFACE 

dix. It will be noticed that the Review Questions are 
grouped together under the paragraph headings and can 
therefore be used either after each parapraph or after 
each section as desired. Attention is called to the order 
of treatment of the various industries in each of the three 
physiographic divisions, the principal industry being 
treated first, also to the large number of towns receiv- 
ing special notice, and to the rather full treatment of the 
transportation facilities within each region. 

Professor McMurry, one of the authors of the Series, 
and Miss Persis K. Miller of the Teachers' Training School 
of Baltimore have each gone over the work with the writer 
and made valuable criticisms and suggestions which are 
hereby heartily acknowledged. The author and publishers 
desire to make special acknowledgment of their obligation 
to Professor William Bullock Clark, Director of the Mary- 
land Geological Survey, for permission to use a large num- 
ber of Survey illustrations and for access to and freedom 
in making use of the publications and records of the 
Survey. 

Acknowledgments are also due to A. B. Hoen and Com- 
pany for the use of the illustration on the oyster industry 
(Fig. 40); to J. G. Harrison and Sons for the illustra- 
tion of young apple trees at their nurseries at Berlin, 
Maryland (Fig. 37); to J. W. Schaffer for the use of 
the panoramic view of Baltimore Harbor (Fig. 26); to 
the publishers of " Maryland As It Is " for the use of the 
illustrations of the tobacco field (Fig. 38), the strawberry 
field (Fig. 36), and the peach orchard (Fig. 17); and to 
the American View Company for the use of a number of 
Baltimore views. 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Preface y 

List of Illustrations jx 

Section I. Introductory . . . . . , ^ ^ j 

Location, Boundaries, and Size 1 

Surface Features (and Thysiographic Divisions) ... 2 

Climate 2 

Natural Resources (Plant Life, Animal Life, and Minerals) . 3 

History q 

Review Questions jq 

Section II. The Appalachian Region or Western Maryland 11 

Surface Features . . • 22 

Streams jo 

Railroads, Canals, and Highways 15 

Industries (Mining, Lumbering, Agriculture, Manufacturing, 

Mountain Resorts) .19 

Cities and Towns (Cumberland, Ilagerstown, Frostburg, Bruns- 
wick, Lonaconing, Oakland) 29 

Review Questions 33 

Section IIL The Piedmont Plateau or Northern Central 

Maryland 35 

Surface Features 35 

Streams gg 

Railroads, Canals, and Highways 37 

Industries (Manufacturing, Agriculture, Mineral Products) . 38 
Cities and Towns (Baltimore, Frederick, Havre de Grace, West- 
minster, Elkton, Washington) 44 

Review Questions 53 

Section IV. The Coastal Plain or Southeastern Maryland . 55 

Surface Features 55 

Streams gg 

vii 



viii CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Railroads, Boat Lines, and Highways 57 

Industries (Agriculture, Water Products, Mineral Products, 

Manufacturing) 57 

Cities and Towns (Annapolis, Cambridge, Salisbury, Crisfield, 

Easton, Chestertown) 66 

Review Questions 68 

Section V. Government and Education 69 

Government 69 

Education 69 

Review Questions 71 

Appendix 73 

Population of Maryland 73 

Facts about the Counties 73 

Population of Cities and Towns 74 

Maryland's Industrial Rank among the States . . . .74' 

Maryland Mineral Products 75 

Maryland Water Products 75 

Reference Books and Maps ....... 76 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



FIG. 

1. Map of Maryland 

2. Relief Map of Maryland .... 

3. Map showing Natural Resources of Maryland 

4. Old Map of Maryland by George Alsop 

5. Fort Mc Henry, Baltimore Harbor 

6. Gorge at Harpers Ferry .... 

7. Swallow Falls on the Youghiogheny, Garrett County 

8. Cumberland and the " Narrows" of Wills Mountain 

9. Old National Road and Tollhouse, Allegany County 

10. Mouth of a Coal Mine, Allegany County . 

11. Coal "Tipple," Allegany County 

12. Cement Mine at Cumberland .... 

13. Savage River, Garrett County, showing Forested Region 

14. Lumber Mill on Castleman River, Garrett County 

15. Farm in Typical Narrow Valley, Allegany County 

16. Sugar Maple Grove, Garrett County . 

17. Mountain Peach Orchard in the Blue Ridge 

18. Map of Cumberland 

19. Old Iron Furnace at Lonaconing 

20. Typical Piedmont Scenery, Harford County 

21. Lexington Market, Baltimore .... 

22. Granite Quarry, Port Deposit, Cecil County 

23. Marble Quarry, Cockeysville, Baltimore County 

24. Limekiln, Liberty, Frederick County 

25. Map of Baltimore and Vicinity .... 

26. Panorama of Baltimore and the Upper Harbor . 

27. Repairing a Ship in a Large Dry Dock, Baltimore 

28. Eutaw Place, Baltimore 

29. Mt. Vernon Place, Peabody Institute, and Washing 

ment, Baltimore 

30. City Hall, Baltimore 



preceding 
preceding 



ton 



preceding 



Monu 



PAGE 
1 

3 
5 
7 
9 
14 
15 
16 
18 
20 
21 
22 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
30 
32 
36 
39 
40 
41 
42 
44 
44 
45 
46 

47 
48 



IX 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



FIG. 

31. Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore . 

32. The Cathedral, Baltimore 

33. Group of Office Buildings, Baltimore . 

34. Typical Coastal Plain Scenery, Kent County . 

35. Calvert Cliffs on Chesapeake Bay, Calvert County 

36. Strawberry Field on uhe Eastern Shore 

37. Young Apple Trees at the Berlin Nurseries 

38. Tobacco Field in Southern Maryland . 

39. Oyster Fleet in the Lower Harbor, Baltimore . 

40. The Oyster Industry . 

41. Terra-cotta Works at Baltimore 

42. Turning Jars in a Baltimore Pottery 

43. Map of Annapolis 

44. State-house, Annapolis 



PAGE 

49 
50 
51 
55 
56 
58 
59 
60 
61 
62 
64 
65 
66 
70 



("linuibersbur: 




Capitals: (^ County Seats: (5) Other jilaces: • 
Bailroads: Cauals: 

Cities with over 100,000: 

_ Cities with 25,000 to 100,000: CilludPll 

Cities and 

Villages with 5,000 to 25,000: Cuiuborlaud 

Cities and 

Villages with 1,000 to 5,000; Saliiibury 

Villages with 500 to 1,000: .Williaiiisport 

Villages with less than 500: Ceoilton 



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MARYLAND STATE SUPPLEMENT 

SECTION I 

INTRODUCTORY 

Location, Boundaries, and Size. — You are now going to 
study the geography of your own state. On your map of 
the United States find Maryhind. To what group of states 
does it belong ? What other states touch Maryland ? 
What body of water washes a part of its eastern border ? 
What noble river separates it from Virginia and West 
Virginia ? The boundary line is not the middle of the 
Potomac, but the south bank, therefore the whole river lies 
in the state of Maryland. The western boundary line 
runs north from the source of tlie Potomac to the Pennsyl- 
vania line ; but the exact source of the Potomac has never 
been positively settled, so the boundary is not yet finally 
determined. What is tlie latitude of the northern boun- 
dary of Maryland ? This northern line is called the Mason 
and Dixon Line, after the men who surveyed it, and is a 
famous line in history. Which is the largest of the 
Middle Atlantic States ? Which is the smallest? Mary- 
land is one of the smaller states in the Union ; but there 
are seven states which are smaller. Find out from the 
tables in the back of your geography which these are. 
The total area of Maryland is 12,210 square miles, which 
is about half that of West Virginia and one-fourth that of 
New York. Texas, the largest state in the Union, is 

B 1 



2 MARYLAND 

twenty times the size of Maryland. Of Maryland's 
12,210 square miles, 9860 are land and 2350 water. For 
its size, it has more water surface than almost any other 
state. The total length along the northern border is 198 
miles, while owing to the irregular course of the Potomac 
River, the width from north to south varies remarkably, 
beine about 123 miles at the mouth of the Pocomoke River, 
but only about 3 miles at Hancock. If you were on top 
of a high mountain north of Hancock what states would 
you be able to see ? 

Surface Features. — One of the most striking facts about 
Maryland is the great variety of its surface features. The 
small area of the state is so spread out that it extends 
from sand bars and low-lying plains near the sea to high 
mountainous regions 3000 feet above the sea. In the 
midst of this variety of surface features there can easily be 
recognized three quite distinct physiograpliic divisions : 
(1) the Appalachian Region or Western Maryland, the 
mountainous region of the state ; (2) the Piedmont Pla- 
teau or Northern Central ^Maryland, the rolling or hilly 
region of the state ; and (3) the Coastal Plain or South- 
eastern Maryland, the low, nearly level region of the 
state. Each of these divisions has its own characteristic 
surface features and natural resources, and these have liad 
a great influence upon the character and occupation of 
the people in each, and upon the history and growth of 
the state. We shall study each of these divisions more 
fully hereafter. 

Climate. — The climate of Maryland exhibits quite a 
little variety, due to the variety of the surface features, to 
the central location of the state, to its nearness to the 
Atlantic Ocean, and to the existence in the heart of the 




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PHOTOGRAPHED FROM A MODEL 

SCALE OF THE MODEL 

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Proportion 1-5. , 



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N E 



E R S E Y 




INTRODUCTORY 3 

state of the great basin of the Chesapeake. However, 
these large bodies of water also help to make the climate 
more uniform, and so we find that, as a whole, the state is 
free from great extremes of heat or cold. In the eastern 
and southern parts of the state the winters are mild and 
the summers are hot, while in the more elevated western 
portion the winters are quite cold and the summers are 
delightfully cool. There is a difference of about a month 
in the coming of spring in the extreme eastern and 
western ends of the state. The average temperature for 
the year differs in different sections of the state, being 
several degrees lower in the northern and western divi- 
sions than in the southern and eastern sections. The 
rainfall is quite uniform throughout Maryland. Its geo- 
graphical position, almost in the direct course of the usual 
storms, whether from the southwest or the lake region, 
gives it a rainfall in all seasons sullicient in amount for 
the needs of commerce and agriculture. The ivinds in 
Maryland blow from the west as a rule ; but in summer 
they are more likely to come from the south, and in winter 
from the northwest and west, especially in the eastern 
and central portions of the state. 

Natural Resources. — Plant Life. — Among the Maryland 
forest trees of interest are the oak, hickory, walnut, 
maple, pine, spruce, tulip tree, locust, chestnut, beech, gum, 
and wild cherry. Of the smaller trees the persimmon, 
sassafras, red cedar, magnolia, dogwood, and chinquapin 
are plentiful. The most common climbing plants are the 
grape, Virginia creeper, trumpet vine, and morning-glory. 
The poison ivy or poison oak is to be seen on fences and 
tree trunks everywhere, especially in the eastern part of 
the state, and its shiny leaflets in groups of three should 



4 MARYLAND 

be known by all to be avoided. Among the native small 
fruits the wild strawberry, blackberry, huckleberry, and 
cranberry are abundant and are sent in large amounts to 
the markets. Many beautiful flowering plants grow wdld 
throughout the state, among which are the trailing arbutus, 
many species of violets, and azalea or "wdld honeysuckle" 
of spring ; the wild rose and American laurel of summer ; 
and the fringed gentian and goldenrod of fall. 

Animal Life. — Of the larger animals deer, black bears, 
and wild-cats are occasionally seen in the wilder portions 
of the state. Among the smaller forms are found rabbits, 
squirrels, foxes, ground-hogs or " woodchucks," weasels, 
otters, opossums, moles, etc. Many species of harmless 
snakes are found, including the spreading adder and the 
black snake, while only three poisonous snakes are known 
— the copperhead, rattlesnake, and water-moccasin. Of 
these the most dangerous is the copperhead, as it attacks 
without warning. Maryland is famous for its game and 
song birds. Of the game-birds the ducks are the most 
important. They come from the Hudson Bay and north- 
ern lake region and make the Chesapeake their winter 
home, attracted in part by the wild celery which grows in 
the shallow waters of the Bay and its tributaries. Among 
these ducks the famous canvasback is most sought after, 
while several other kinds also occur in great numbers. 
Among the other game-birds are reed-birds, the " bob- 
white " or partridge, and the ruffed grouse or pheasant. 
Among the numerous smaller birds we can mention only 
the mocking-bird, the cardinal-bird, and the Baltimore 
oriole, which are the best-known song-birds. The last 
named is a beautiful bird, clad in gold and black, sugges- 
tive of the colors of Lord Baltimore, whence its name. 



6 MARYLAND 

It makes a beautiful nest and has been so mucli sought 
after by curiosity hunters that it is now protected by 
special laws. Of aquatic or water animals Maryland has 
many valuable forms, which will be mentioned in connec- 
tion with the fislieries. 

3Iuierals. — Maryland, though small, has considerable 
variety in its mineral wealth. Coal, clays, buikling stones, 
limestones, and '' cement rock " are the most important 
mineral products in the order given. These and others 
of minor importance will be discussed later in connection 
with the regions in Avhich they occur. 

History. — ^Maryland was settled in 1(')3-1: by a party of 
colonists sent out from England by Cecilius Calvert, Lord 
Baltimore, under the leadership of Leonard Calvert. The 
first settlement was at St. Mary's on the St. Mary's River. 
Lord Baltimore had received the grant of land from King 
Charles I of England, who also granted many unusual 
liberties. Among these was freedom from taxatioiu the 
only tax required being 'Hwo Indian arrows yearly and a 
fifth of all gold and silver that might be found." One 'of 
the most strikinof features of tlie IMar viand colony was 
that of reUijious freedom. This was granted by Lord Balti- 
more, who was a Catholic, but who wanted all men to live 
in peace and worship God in their own way, and was 
also confirmed by the colonists in the '' Toleration Act" 
of 1G49. One of the earliest accounts of the province was 
written by George Alsop, in which was contained the 
curious map which you see here. Shortly after 1(375 
grants of land were made to William Penn, whicli included 
some that had already been given to Lord Baltimore. 
This led to hoivndary disputes, which lasted for almost 
one hundred years, when finally settled by a compro- 




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8 MARYLAND 

mise. Two noted English astronomers, Mason and Dixon, 
were then sent for, and spent four years (1763-1 708) in 
running and marking the boundary line with which their 
names will always be associated. They did not quite finish 
the work, being stopped by the Indians, who became sus- 
picious at their looking so often at the stars through their 
"big guns" or telescopes. The Mason and Dixon line 
became famous during the Civil War as the dividing line 
between the North and the South. 

Maryland took but little part in the French and Indian 
War. Washington and Braddock fitted out. their expe- 
dition against Fort Duquesne (Pittsburg) at Frederick. 
The original barracks which they used are still in existence. 
Maryland's share in the lievolutionari/ War was an honor- 
able one, although not especially conspicuous. The most 
famous incident was the burning of the Peggy Steivart^ 
a vessel which came to Annapolis with a cargo of tea, at a 
time Avhen the colonists were angry over unjust taxes, the 
Stamp Act, etc. The people refused to allow the tea to 
be landed, and finally in open day forced the owner of 
the vessel to apply a torch to it. The Peggy Steivart 
burned to the water's edge, and ever since Marylanders 
have celebrated October 19 as Peggy Stewart's Day. In 
the battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776, the Maryland 
troops covered the retreat of General Wasliington's army, 
and a monument to their valor stands in Prospect Park, 
Brooklyn, New York. This monument is inscribed : — 

in honor of 

Maryland's four hundred, 

who on this battlefield, 

AUG. 27, 1776, 
SAVED THE AMERICAN ARMY. 



INTROBUCTOBY ^ 

After the Revolution, Maryland was the last of the 
thirteen states to come into the Union ; but it was the 
first to demand the giving of the public lands which be- 
longed to tlie states to the national government, which 
made it possible to form the great states between the 
AUeghanies and the Mississippi River. During the War 
of 1812 several Maryland towns were pillaged by the 
British; but Baltimore was saved from the fate of Wash- 
ington by the repulse of the enemy at North Point and 




Fm. 5. 
F(>rt McIIenry, Biiltiinore Harl)or. 

Fort McIK'iiry. liattle Monument in Baltimore was 
erected to the memory of the men who fell in defence of 
tlie city. During the attack on Fort McHenry, while he 
was a prisoner on board a Britisli vessel in the harbor 
where he could see the whole aft'air, Francis Scott Key, a 
prominent Maryland lawyer, wrote " The Star-Spangled 
Banner." Maryland was not very much of a battle-ground 
during the Civil War^ only three battles of any conse- 
quence being fought on Maryland soil. These were the 
battles of South ^Mountain and Sharpsburg or Antietam 
in 1862, and the Monocacy in 1864. Maryland soldiers 



10 3IARYLAND 



distinofuishecl themselves in the armies on both sides of 
the contest. Maryland took an active part during tJie 
Spanish War. It furnished 3110 soldiers and sailors. 
The Maryland Naval Militia, numbering about 450 offi- 
cers and men, played the most conspicuous part. The 
men served on various vessels, the largest number being 
on the Dixie, whose cruise extended from June 13 to Sep- 
tember 30, 1898, during which time the ship many times 
engaged the enemy and made some captures. Maryland 
also takes pride in the brilliant Spanish War career of 
one of its foremost citizens. Admiral Schley, whose vic- 
tory at Santiago was the crowning event of the war. 

Review Questions on Introductory Section. — What other 
states touch Maryland? What waters help form its boundaries? 
Tell what vou know about the Mason and Dixon line. Does the 
Potomac lie in Maryland or Virginia? What is the area of Mary- 
land? How does it rank in size among the states? How does it 
vary in width from north to south ? Xame the three natural divi- 
sion s into which Maryland can be divided on the basis of its surface 
features. What causes the variety in the climate of jNIaryland ? What 
differences exist in the climate of the eastern and western parts of the 
state ? Why does Maryland have a more uniform rainfall than many 
other states? Name some of the forest trees of Maryland; climbing 
plants; native small fruits; wild flowers. What additional wild 
flowers are found in your neighborhood? Name some of the large 
and small animals of Maryland ; game-birds. Why do the wild 
ducks come to Chesapeake Bay? Name the three best-known song- 
birds of JSIarvland. Tell something about the Baltimore oriole. 
Name some of the important minerals of Maryland. Tell about 
the settlement of Maryland. What two great privileges were early 
granted to the colonists in Maryland ? Tell about the boundary dis- 
pute betv/een Pennsylvania and Maryland. What part did Maryland 
soldiers take in the Revolutionary War? War of 1812? Spanish 
War? Tell about the Peggy Stewart; Francis Scott Key; the Dixie; 
Admiral Schley. 



SECTION IT 

THE APPALACHIAN REGION OR WESTERN MARYLAND 

Surface Features. — The Appalachian Region extends 
from the western border of the state to the eastern base 
of Catoctin :Mountain, which lies in Frederick County just 
east of the Blue Ridge proper. It includes Garrett, Alle- 
gany, Washington, and a part of Frederick counties. This 
is the high mountainous portion of the state, consisting 
of parallel even-topped mountain ridges alternating with 
deep and usually narrow valleys. The mountain ridges 
nearly all run in a direction from north-northeast to 
south-southwest, and their level sky-lines are rarely in- 
terrupted except where the larger streams have cut deep 
gorges across them. Some of the ridges extend across 
the state, others are the ends of ridges which have their 
chief development in Pennsylvania or West Virginia. 
Ages ago powerful forces within the earth set to work 
and folded up the rocks in this region into great folds. 
Since then the slow but sure work of the rain, the heat, 
the frost, and the streams, continuing through many thou- 
sands of years, has worn down the original hills and val- 
leys to a great plain, and then going still further, picking 
out the hard and soft rocks with almost human intelli- 
gence, carved out the present valleys and left the harder 
rocks as intervening ridges. As one looks out from the 
top of some high point and sees ridge after ridge succeed- 
ing each other like gigantic waves on a great ocean, the 

11 



12 MARYLAND 

even tops and uniform heights of the ridges speak in elo- 
quent terms of the old plain and the long-drawn-out 
war between the elements and the so-called " everlasting 
hills." 

There are certain noticeable differences in the surface 
features in different portions of the Appalachian Region. 
In Garrett County the mountains rise from an elevated 
plateau, known as the Alleghany Plateau, which is part of 
the plateau of the same name extending north and south 
of Maryland. This region is somewhat less rugged than 
that immediately to the east. The average altitude of 
the plateau is about twenty-five hundred feet, which is 
higher than most of the mountains to the east. Above 
the plateau a few of the ridges rise to over three thou- 
sand feet. Among the highest ridges are Negro Moun- 
tain, Meadow Mountain, Great Backbone Mountain, Big 
Savage Mountain, and Dans Mountain. On the more 
level portions of the plateau the drainage is more or less 
imperfect, and large, swampy areas exist which are known 
as ''the glades." To the east of the high plateau just 
described, extending as far as and including North Moun- 
tain, is a very rugged region formed by the numerous 
Alleghayiy ridges, which rise to about eighteen hundred 
feet in height, between which are deep, narrow valleys. 
Among the chief ridges are Wills Mountain, Warrior 
Mountain, and Town Hill in Allegany County, and Side- 
ling Hill, Tonoloway Ridge, and North Mountain in Wash- 
ington County. Lying between North Mountain and the 
Blue Ridge is the ffagerstotvu Valley, the largest valley in 
the Appalachian Region. It is the Maryland portion of 
what is known as the Great Valley, which extends into 
Pennsylvania as the Cumberland Valley, and into Virginia 



THE APPALACHIAN REGION 13 

as the Shenandoah Valley. The Hagerstown Valley is a 
broad, even, shallow valley, over twenty miles wide, with 
a gently rolling floor. The tops of the low hills which 
dot the valley are so strikingly even it seems almost level 
when viewed from some commanding height like Pen Mar. 
Between the Hagerstown Valley and the Piedmont Pla- 
teau lie the two most eastern of the Appalachian Mountain 
ridges — the Blue Midge and Catoctin Mountain. They are 
nearly parallel ridges which are separated by the narrow 
Middletown Valley. The Blue Ridge is the higher of the 
two with an average elevation of about two thousand feet, 
but rising at ]\Iount Quirauk, near Pen Mar, to about 
twenty-four hundred feet. The only gaps through it 
occur at the Pennsylvania line at Pen Mar and at the 
West Virginia line at Weverton. The Blue Ridge con- 
tinues south into Virginia under the same name, and 
north into Pennsylvania, where it is called South Moun- 
tain. 

Streams. — Of the streams of the Appalachian Region 
the more important are the Potomac, the Youghiogheny, 
the Castleman, the Savage, Georges Creek, Wills Creek, 
Sideling Creek, Antietam Creek, and Catoctin Creek. 
Locate some of these streams on your map. Which flow 
north ? The watershed or divide between the streams 
flowing into the Youghiogheny and hence by way of the 
Monongahela, Ohio, and Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico, 
and those flowing into the Potomac and hence by way of 
the Chesapeake into the Atlantic Ocean, passes along the 
crest of Great Backbone Mountain to about Eagle Rock, a 
few miles east of Deer Park. It then shifts by way of 
Altamont, where it is crossed by the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad, to Meadow Mountain, along the summit of which 



14 



MARYLAND 



it continues to and beyond the Pennsylvania line. The 
Potomac pursues a winding course along the southern 
border of the whole Appalachian Region, forming numer- 
ous picturesque curves and cutting many fine gorges, 
which are not only beautiful as scenery, but a great boon 




Fig. 6. 

Gorge at Harpers Ferry. (Md. Geol. Survey.) 

to man, as they afford gateways through the mountains 
for his railroads and canals. Of these gorges the most 
famous is that at Harpers Ferry, whose scenic beauty is 
known throughout the country. The Youghiogheny is a 
rapid and picturesque stream with steep sides and a rocky 



TBE APPALACHIAN REGION 



15 




Fig. 7. 
Swallow Falls on the Youghioglieuy, Garrett Comity. (Md. Geol. Survey.) 

bed. Georges Creek is important because it runs througli 
the heart of the coal basin of the same name. It flows 
into the Potomac at Westernport. Wills Creek, which 
empties into the Potomac at Cumberland, is an active 
stream which, in cutting several great gorges across 
the ridges to the west of Cumberland, especially the 
one through Wills Mountain, has made a natural path- 
way through the mountains. The " Narrows," as this gap 
through Wills Mountain is called, is one of the famous 
natural scenic features of the region. 

Railroads, Canals, and Highways. — The numerous 
ridges of the Appalachian Region, standing like rocky 




>5 

a; 
> 



o 



c3 

o 



00 :;: 



o 

12; 



T3 
o3 

B 



16 



THE APPALACHIAN REGION 17 

walls which ever became higher and higher until the tops 
of the Alleghanies were reached and passed, greatly 
delayed the westward progress of the pioneers. This 
was true in New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia as 
well as in Maryland. In Maryland the great natural 
highway to the AVest was the valley of the Potomac, and 
civilized man, following in the footsteps of the Indians, 
early made use of it in making his way across the moun- 
tains. During the French and Indian War military opera- 
tions caused the building of a good road from Washington, 
by way of Frederick, Hagerstown, and Hancock, to 
Cumberland. Between 1806 and 1818 this road was con- 
tinued as the so-called National Road by way of "the 
Narrows," Frostburg, and Grantsville and through Penn- 
sylvania to Wheeling. Portions of tliis old road are still 
used, as for example the fine driveway out from Cumber- 
land past the old octagon tollhouse near Allegany Grove. 
Along this road for many years thousands of wagons 
carried supplies for the settlers in the Ohio Valley, and 
brought back the flour, pork, and lumber of the hardy 
pioneers. The steamboat was then introduced on the 
Mississippi and Ohio and found to be a cheaper means of 
transportation, and the prosperous days of the old road 
were soon over. Then came the building of the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Canal from Cumberland to AVashington, 
and a little later the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from 
Cumberland to Washington and Baltimore. Both of these 
followed the Potomac Valley through the mountains. 
The canal gave a cheap means of transportation for the 
coal of the Georges Creek basin, and greatly aided in the 
development of the whole region around Cumberland. 
The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad was the first important 



18 



3IARTLAND 



railroad built in America. It quickly led to great strides 
in the development of both the western and eastern parts 
of Maryland, causing the opening up of new regions and 
the starting of new industries, and becoming one of the 
great highways to and from the young and growing West. 
With the completion by the Western Maryland of its 




Fig. 9. 
Old National Road and tollhouse. (Md. Geol. Survey.) 

connection up the Potomac Valley between Cherry Run 
and Cumberland, where it will unite with the West 
Virginia Central and Pittsburg, there will be an addi- 
tional through line from the West by way of Pittsburg 
and western Maryland to Baltimore and the East. The 
city of Cumberland is fortunate as regards transportation 
facilities. In addition to the roads already mentioned, it 



THE APPALACHIAN REGION 19 

reaches forth into the Georges Creek coal basin by the 
Georges Creek and Cumberhmd Railroad and the two 
branches of the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad, 
and is connected with Pennsylvania towns by a branch of 
the Pennsylvania Railroad. The Hagerstown Valley is 
well supplied with means of transportation, the Western 
Maryland and the Washington Valley branch of the 
Baltimore and Ohio giving connections to the east and 
west, and the Cumberland Valley and the Norfolk and 
Western giving connections to the north and south. 

Industries. — Mining is the most profitable industry in 
the Appalachian Region. Nature has stored in the 
mountains valuable deposits of coal, fire-clay, "cement 
rock," limestone, and other minerals, which man is bring- 
ing to the surface. The coal beds of this region are the 
most valuable mineral deposits in the state, yielding an 
annual product valued at over $5,000,000. The mining 
of coal is the chief industry in Allegany County. It is also 
a growing industry in Garrett County. In the Georges 
Creek basin, which lies west of Cumberland and chiefly in 
Allegany County, the famous " Big Vein " or " Fourteen- 
foot " seam of coal is found. This is the same seam which 
made the Pittsburg coal region famous. It has made 
coal mining in Allegany County very profitable, the coal 
being a semibituminous or "soft coal," which for use in 
producing steam, as in locomotives and other engines, has 
no superior and few equals in any part of the world. These 
" soft coal " mines are seldom deep down in the earth, as 
the anthracite or " hard coal " mines of Pennsylvania are, 
but generally extend as nearly horizontal tunnels right 
into the sides of the mountains. In the large " Big Vein" 
mines the tunnels are high enough for a man to walk 



20 



MARYLAND 



upright, and the cars are drawn in and out by mules ; but 
in many of the small seam mines the miners have to stoop 
over in walking and as they push the little coal cars into 
the mines. After the loaded coal cars have left the mines 
they often run quite a distance by gravity on an inclined 




Fig. 10. 
Mouth of a coal mine, Allegany County. (Md. Geol. Survey.) 

track to what is called the " tipple," where the cars drop 
their coal directly into the larger railroad coal cars. These 
take the most of it to Cumberland, where it is reshij^ped 
in various directions. In Garrett County there is con- 
siderable coal, but the beds or seams are nearly all small, 
and there are few big mining companies working. An 



THE APPALACHIAN REGION 



21 



interesting thing about the coal of Garrett County is that 
many of the farmers have their own little coal mine, to 
which they go in the fall, dig out enough coal to last 
themselves and perhaps a few neighbors throughout the 
winter, then board up the opening until the next fall. 




Fig. 11. 
Coal " tipple," Allegany County. (Md. Geol. Survey.) 

Among the other mineral industries of importance in 
the Appalachian Region are the mining of " cement rocJc,'^ 
fire-dai/^ a.nd limestone. The "cement rock "is used in 
making hydraulic cement ; that is, a cement which hardens 
under water. Thousands of tons of hydraulic cement are 
used in building bridges, canals, etc. The " cement rock " 



22 



MARYLAND 




Fig. 12. 
Cement mine, Cumberland. (Md. Geol. Survey.) 

is mined near Hancock, Washington County, and at Cum- 
berland and Pinto, Allegany County. The associated 
rocks are often folded up into wonderful arches which 
are silent witnesses of the former tremendous forces 
which disturbed the rocks of this region. The fire-clay 
of western Maryland is among the finest in the country. 
It is mined at Mount Savage, EUerslie, and Frostburg, 



THE APPALACHIAN REGION 23 

where there are extensive works where the material is made 
into fire-brick of various shapes for the lining of different 
kinds of furnaces, its ability to stand great heat being the 
reason for its name. The limestone floor of the Hagers- 
town Valley has given occupation to many people there 
in the quarrying of limestone and burning it into lime. 
This was formerly quite an important business through- 
out the valley, quarries and kilns being located at Hagers- 
town, Cavetown, Antietam, and other places, but the 
business has been declining for a number of years. 

Lumbering stands second among the industries of the 
Appalachian Region, and is the chief industry carried on 
in Garrett County. It is also a subordinate occupation 
among the Alleghany ridges and in the Blue Ridge region. 
In these districts the ruggedness of the country makes 
farming difficult, while the great forests of valuable tim- 
ber yield rich returns to the energetic lumbermen. Have 
you ever seen the lumbermen at work? A man goes 
through the woods and *' blazes " or marks with an axe the 
trees which are to be cut, then a gang of men come along, 
chop down the trees, trim off the branches, peel off the 
bark for the tanners, and saw up the mighty trunks into 
even lengths. The next tiling is to get the logs to the 
sawmill, which is done in different ways, depending chiefly 
on the season and the character of the country. Some- 
times they are floated down streams, sometimes hauled in 
on great sleds, sometimes pulled along by horses in rough, 
greased troughs called "skids," which are just wide 
enough to take one log at a time, to some steep cliff, and 
"shot over" into the valley below. It is an exciting 
scene when the great logs go chasing each other down the 
steep hillside. Below, they are loaded on cars and hauled 



24 



MARYLAND 



to the mills on private railroads. At the mill the logs are 
sawn into lumber, which is shipped to the nearest good 







■ ^ 








5^^^^'"* 

«• 


r.ro, ,•* 


N 

* » 


< lii : a _li ; ■ - 



Fig. 13. 

Savage River, Garrett County, showing forested region. (Md. Geol. Survey.) 

market. The trimmings are frequently used by other 
special mills near by for making kindling-wood, broom- 
handles, clothes-pins, etc. In Garrett County the beds of 



THE APPALACHIAN REGION 



25 



the streams are so rocky they cannot be used to float the 
lumber down, so here the lumberman has to build his own 
railroad. The trees of this region which are of most value 
to the lumberman are white pine, hemlock, white oak, 
chestnut, beech, birch, and maple. Most of the white 




.-^ 



,. rm^\ 



y 






V 




^iW. 



^^VMHy >*>a- 




FiG. 14. 
Lumber mill on Castleman River, Garrett County. 

pine and white oak has been cut down. Considerable 
spruce and so-called " poplar " or tulip tree is cut for the 
wood-pulp mills, where it is made into paper. Thousands 
of tons of wood-pulp paper are used every week by the 
great daily newspapers of the country. 



26 



MARYLAND 



Agriculture, which is the chief industry in the eastern 
portions of Marykmd, is of relatively less importance in 
the Appalachian Region. To this there is one notable 
exception, for farming is the chief occupation of the peo- 



T. -.""^Si^wJ^ -JS^:"- ;?i^ 




Fig. 15. 
Farm in typical narrow valley, Allegany Connty. 

pie in the HagerstoAvn Valley. The floor of this valley 
is formed of great beds of limestone, which gives rise to 
one of the richest of soils. Therefore we find that the 
valley constitutes a great broad band twenty miles in 
width of the most fertile lands in the state. There are 
many excellent farms, and large crops of wheat, corn, and 
hay are raised annually, while many cattle are fattened 
on its grassy hillsides. Throughout the rest of the Appa- 
lachian Region, with a few more exceptions which will be 



THE APPALACHIAN REGION 



27 



mentioned later, the mountainous- character of the surface 
is unfavorable to agriculture. The soils of the mountain 
ridges are thin and stony and difficult to cultivate. The 
valleys are usually narrow, with steep walls, and the farms 
can rarely be very extensive or the production very large. 
There are a few spots especially favored by nature where 
good crops are obtained, such as the bottom-lands along 
the Potomac and other large streams, and the " glades " on 
the high plateau in Garrett County. The " glades " yield 
considerable oats and hay, and also have been found to be 
fine lands for the growing oi flowers, celery, cauliflower, 
and otlier dainty produce. An important reason for suc- 
cess of certain farms with these latter products is that 
their shipping facilities are so good that cut roses, carna- 
tions, and chrysantliemums can leave at midnight and be in 
Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York the next forenoon. 
Many of the farmers in Garrett County have fine groves 
of sugar maple trees, which are regularly tapped each 
spring and the sap boiled down into fine maple sugar. 




Fig. 16. 
Sugar maple grove, Garrett County. 



28 



MABTLAND 



About two hundred and fifty thousand pounds of maple 
sugar are sent to the markets every year, a fact which will 
probably surprise many Maryland boys and girls who sup- 
pose that all the maple sugar comes from Vermont. It has 
been discovered that a narrow belt along the higher west- 
ern slope of the Bluo Ridge is well adapted to the growing 
of fine peaches. This discovery has resulted in a profitable 




Fig. 17. 
Mountain peach orchard in the Blue Ridge. 

industry at Pen Mar, Edgemont, and elsewhere, which is 
greatly aided by the fact that peaches shipped in the even- 
ing can be sold in the eastern cities the next morning. 
The most favorable situation for these mountain peach 
orchards is said to be high on the mountain side, facing 
the north, where the buds are late starting in the spring 
and therefore are safe from damage by frost. 

Manvfacturing is an important industry at a few towns, 
but throughout most of the Appalachian Region is of sub- 



THE APPALACHIAN BEGION 29 

ordinate importance. Cumberland is the principal manu- 
facturing centre, which is chiefly due to the fact that it 
has fine shipping facilities and is especially favored in 
having cheap coal and in being easily reached and sup- 
plied with the raw materials for numerous manufactures, 
especially those of iron, lumber, and glass. The abun- 
dant water-power of the Hagerstown Valley district, to- 
gether with its good shipping facilities and nearness to 
Baltimore and other sources of supply, has resulted in the 
establishment at Hagerstown of quite a variety of impor- 
tant manufactures, notably those of gloves, knitted goods, 
and furniture. 

Mountam resorts have been established at numerous 
points on the Alleghany Plateau, among the Alleghany 
ridges, and in the Blue Ridge district, to which thousands 
of visitors flock every summer, attracted by the beautiful 
scenery, and opportunities for rest, recreation, and restora- 
tion to health. The providing for the wants of these 
visitors gives occupation to many of the people in this 
reo-ion. Anions the most famous of these resorts are Deer 
Park and Mountain Lake Park on the plateau in Garrett 
County, twenty-five hundred feet above the sea, and Pen 
Mar on the Pennsylvania and Maryland boundary line 
near Mount Quirauk, the liighest point of the Blue Kidge. 
Cities and Towns. — The towns of the Appalachian 
Region are as a rule not very large, there being only five 
having over two thousand people. This is of course a 
direct result of the mountainous and thickly wooded 
character of the larger part of the region. 

Cumberland, the largest city in the district, is also 
the second largest city in the state. It had a population 
of 17,128 in 1900. The favorable situation of Cumber- 



30 



MARYLAND 



iki^^. 




Fig. 18. 



land has been the chief reason for its growth and prosper- 
ity. It is located on the head waters of the Potomac, 
where the river changes the general direction of its course 
and so ceases to afford a direct path toward the great 
Northwest. At the same point Wills Creek empties into 
the Potomac, having just cut its great gap through Wills 
Mountain. Cumberland stands facing this gap, the gate- 
way to the West (see Fig. 8, page 16), and is the nat- 
ural receiving and distributing point for the great coal 
basin of Georges Creek and the rich lumber, oil, and coal 
regions of West Virginia. To these natural advantages 
are to be added the excellent shipping facilities afforded 



THE APPALACHIAN REGION 31 

by no less than seven railroads and the Chesapeake and 
Ohio Canal. AVith such advantages it is not surprising 
that Cumberland has grown to be the second manufactur- 
ing city in the state. There are large mills, foundries, 
and machine shops for the manufacture of iron and steel 
products ; planing mills, sash and blind factories, lumber 
yards, tanneries, a coffin factory, and a wood-pulp paper 
mill making use of the lumber of western Maryland and 
northern West Virginia ; glass factories using the white 
sandstone of the vicinity to make fine glassware and glass 
bottles ; cement works, brick-yards, flour mills, etc. 

Hagerstown is the third city in size in the state, 
having a population of 13,591 in 1900. The city has a 
fine location in the centre of the Hagerstown Valley at 
an elevation of about 600 feet. To the north and south 
extends a stretch of more than 60 miles of thickly settled, 
abundantly watered, highly cultivated farm lands. It has 
excellent transportation facilities and is the natural ship- 
ping point to and from this rich farming region. It is 
also one of the most important manufacturing cities in 
the state, having over one hundred mills of various kinds 
at work, in which are made gloves, bicycles, silk goods, 
knitted goods, shirts, organs, bricks, furniture, — especially 
extension tables, — wheel and carriage stock, paper, con- 
fectionery, and numerous other articles. 

Frostburg, with a population of 5271 in 1900, is 
situated high up on the eastern slope of Big Savage 
Mountain, near the head waters of Georges Creek. It is 
the principal town of the Georges 'Creek coal basin, to the 
existence of which it owes its prosperity. 

Brunswick, which is situated on the Baltimore and 
Ohio Railroad between Point of Rocks and Weverton, is 



32 



MARYLAND 



a bustling town of 2471 people. It is the largest town in 
the Blue Ridge region of Maryland, and owes its impor- 
tance to being the location of shops, roundhouse, and other 
buildings of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 

LoNACONiNG, whose population was 2181 in 1900, and 
Westehnport, with a population of 1998, are two other 




Fig. 19. 
Old irou furuace at Lonacouing. (Md. Geol. Survey.) 

towns situated in the Georges Creek coal basin, whose 
activities centre in the coal industry. At Lonaconing 
there stand the ruins of an old iron furnace, which is a 
relic of the days prior to 1850, when the production of 
iron was an important industry of this region. The dis- 
covery of the Lake Superior iron ores has made it, at least 
for the present, unprofitable to work the low-grade ores 
of western Maryland. 

Oakland is the county seat and largest town in Garrett 
County, although its population in 1900 was only 1170. 



THE APPALACHIAN REGION 33 

Its situation on the high level ground in the central part 
of the county gives it a fine climate and attracts many 
visitors in the summer time. It is the natural shipping 
point for the larger part of the products of the county. 

Review Questions on the Appalachian Region. — Surface 
Features. — Define the limits of the Appalachian Region. What 
counties does it include ? Describe briefly the character of the sur- 
face in this region. Of what are the even sky lines and unifor a 
heights of the ridges suggestive ? How were the present ridges and 
valleys formed? Locate the Alleghany Plateau and describe its 
surface features. Xanie some of the ridges which rise above it. 
AVhat are the " glades " ? Describe the region of the Alleghany ridges. 
Name some of the ridges. Describe the surface of the Hagerstown 
Valley. Of what larger valley is it a part? What two mountain 
ridges lie east of the Hagerstown Valley ? Describe the Blue Ridge. 

Streams. — Name and locate some of the important streams of the 
Appalachian Region. Locate as well as you can the divide between 
the streams flowing into the Youghiogheny and those flowing into the 
Potomac. Follow on your map the courses pursued by the water 
falling on the two sides of this divide. State a few facts about the 
Potomac; the Youghiogheny; Georges Creek; AVills Creek. What 
and where is the " Narrows " ? 

Railroads, Canals, and Highways. — How did the natural features 
hamper the progress of the pioneers in Maryland? What was Mary- 
land's natural pathway to the West? State the chief facts about the 
old road from Washington to Wheeling. What important results 
followed the building of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad? What natural features greatly aided 
in their construction ? Trace on the map as far as you can the new 
through line to western Maryland and Pittsburg. Trace routes by which 
goods shipped to Cumberland can be distributed to the near-by towns ; 
goods shipped to Hagerstown. Trace as far as you can the routes by 
which the coal of the Georges Creek basin reaches the markets ; the 
lumber of Garrett County ; the wheat of the Hagerstown Valley. 

Industries. — Name the most profitable industry in the Appalachian 
Region. In which county is mining the chief industry ? Name the 



34 3fARYLANI) 

most valuable mineral product. State some important facts about 
the coal mines in the Georges Creek coal basin ; those of Garrett 
County. What minerals besides coal are mined in the Appalachian 
Region? Locate some of the "cement rock" mines; the fire-clay 
mines; the limestone quarries. What is the second chief industry 
of the Appalachian Region ? In what county is it the chief industry ? 
Describe the methods of the lumbermen. Name some of the valuable 
trees. What uses are made of the lumber? Why is agriculture of 
subordinate importance in the Appalachian Region ? What kind of 
a farming region is the Hagerstown Valley? What special crops are 
grown in the " glades " ? State some facts about the maple sugar 
industry of Maryland. Why is the growing of peaches successful in 
the Blue Ridge district? How does manufacturing rank as an industry 
in the Appalachian Region ? What conditions have made Cumber- 
land and Hagerstown important manufacturing centres? What 
special occupation does the scenery, fine air, etc., of the mountainous 
Appalachian Region afford many of the people? Name and locate 
some important mountain resorts. 

Cities mid Towns. — Why are the towns of the Appalachian Region 
usually small ? Name six important towns in this region. Which 
is the largest? Locate and state some important facts about Cumber- 
land, Hagerstow^i, Frostburg, Brunswick, Lonaconing, Oakland. 



SECTION III 

THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU OR NORTHERN CENTRAL 

MARYLAND 

Surface Features. — The territory lying between the 
Appalachian Region and the Coastal Plain is called the 
Piedmont Plateau. It is a part of the larger plateau of 
the same name which extends north and south of the 
state. Its western boundary line is the eastern slope of 
Catoctin Mountain, its eastern an irregular line running 
from Elkton by way of Baltimore and Laurel to Washing- 
ton. This line marks its separation from the Coastal 
Plain. It is knoAvn as the ''fall line'' because of the fact 
that falls or rapids occur in most of the streams where 
they pass over the last ledges of the hard Piedmont rocks 
on to the soft materials such as sands, gravels, and clays 
formincT the Coastal Plain. The Piedmont Plateau 
includes about one-fourth of the land area of the state, 
comprising all or the greater part of Montgomery, Howard, 
Baltimore, Harford, Carroll, and Frederick counties and 
parts of Cecil and Prince George's. The Piedmont 
Plateau is composed of low, undulating hills which give 
the surface a broken, hilly character. The hills gradually 
become higher as we pass from the eastern margin, where 
they rarely exceed four hundred feet, until they reach 
their highest altitude near the central part of the region 
in a ridee about ei^^ht hundred feet high, known as Parrs 
Rido-e, from which the surface then slopes gradually to 

35 



36 



MARYLAND 



the Monocacy River. The rocks underlying the Piedmont 
Plateau are very ancient and very hard. Through the 
harder of these rocks the streams have cut deep, narrow 
gorges, while in the softer ones they have carved out 
broad, fiat, fertile valleys. 




Fig. 20. 
Typical Piedmont scenery, Harford County. (Md. Geol. Survey.) 

Streams. — Tlie chief streams in the Piedmont Plateau 
of Maryland are the Monocacy, Patuxent, Patapsco, Gun- 
powder, and Susquehanna. The Susquehanna is the 
largest, but we have only its broad, lower end in Mary- 
land. The Monocacy is the broad stream crossed by the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad east of Washington Junc- 
tion. The Patapsco is a broad estuary from Chesapeake 
Bay to Baltimore, affording a fine harbor ; but, like most 
of the streams along the " fall line," narrows quickly as it 
leaves the Coastal Plain to cross the Piedmont Plateau. 



THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU 37 

Seneca Creek in Montgomery County and Rock Creek 
and Anacostia Creek near Washington are streams of 
minor importance. The divide between the streams which 
flow into the Potomac and those which flow directly into 
the Chesapeake passes along Parrs Ridge from Manches- 
ter to Mount Airy, then past Sandy Spring, Laurel, and 
Bowie, thence down the main peninsula of southern 
Maryland to Point Lookout. Which of the Piedmont 
streams mentioned flow into the Potomac? Which di- 
rectly into Chesapeake Bay ? 

Railroads, Canals, and Highways. — The Piedmont 
Plateau region, because of its comparatively level surface 
and its being the oldest and wealthiest portion of the state, 
is very well supplied with transportation facilities. Numer- 
ous good wagon roads connect the towns and villages 
throughout the region, being easily and cheaply con- 
structed because of the comparatively level character of 
the surface and the abundance of good road-making 
materials. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore 
Railroad — a part of the Pennsylvania System — and the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad pass along near its eastern 
edge and give it direct and quick connection with Phila- 
delphia, New York, and New England in one direction and 
with Washington and the South in the other. The Penn- 
sylvania by branch roads running south through Delaware 
also connects with the whole Eastern Shore. Boat lines 
running in connection with the Queen Anne's Railroad 
and the Baltimore, Chesapeake, and Atlantic Railroad con- 
nect the southern portion more directly with the Eastern 
Shore. There is a direct line from Baltimore to Annapo- 
lis as well as connecting lines by way of the Baltimore and 
Ohio and the Pennsylvania. The Pope's Creek branch 



38 MARYLAND 

of the Pennsylvania road gives a direct connection with 
southern Maryland. The Baltimore and Ohio, Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Canal, and Western Maryland also give 
direct connection with western Maryland and the West. 
The Northern Central and the Maryland and Pennsylvania 
lead directly north through the district. Many boat and 
steamship lines connect Baltimore with other places on the 
Chesapeake Bay, on the Atlantic coast, and points abroad. 

Industries. — Manufacturing is the most important indus- 
try in the Piedmont Plateau, especially in the eastern 
portion. Numerous waterfalls occur along the "fall 
line," and these supply an immense amount of water- 
power, thus providing many very favorable sites for mills 
of all sorts. Because of this fact the eastern Piedmont 
region has come to be the most important manufacturing 
region in this state, as it has of the states to the north and 
south. Each section early came to be supplied with its 
flour mills, and in due time cotton mills were built at 
many points. Most of the flour mills have passed away, 
however, only a few of the most favorably situated ones 
having been able to maintain themselves against western 
competition. The cotton mills have held out longer and 
are still successful, because it is only recently that the 
South has begun to spin and weave its cotton at home. 
Baltimore, the foremost manufacturing city in the state, 
is one of the favorably located cities on the "fall line." 
Other cities on or near the " fall line" are Elkton, Havre 
de Grace, Ellicott City, and Laurel. The various kinds 
of manufacturing carried on in this district will be men- 
tioned in connection with the different cities. 

Agriculture as an industry in the Piedmont Plateau 
region is almost as important as manufacturing. In fact, 



THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU 



39 



outside of the large towns and away from the " fall line " 
it is the chief industry of the people. The Piedmont 
region has long been recognized as one of the most flour- 
ishing farming regions in the state. The rolling character 
of the surface is much like that of Hagerstown Valley, and 
there are also a number of valleys which, like the Hagers- 




FiG. 21. 

Lexington Market, Baltimore. 

town Valley, have a limestone floor with the resulting rich 
limestone soils so highly thought of by the farmer. The 
rocks which underlie the Piedmont Plateau vary consider- 
ably in character, giving rise to quite a variety of soils ; but 
nearly all appear to be good and well adapted to the most 
profitable crops. Large crops of hay, wheat, corn, oats, 
and potatoes are raised on the many fine farms throughout 
the region. Tomatoes and sugar corn are grown in large 



40 



MARYLAND 



quantities for the canneries. The lands are good grazing 
lands, and large numbers of cattle are fattened here every 
year. The dairi/ industry is also an important one in this 
region, for its nearness to Baltimore and Washington 
enables it to control nearly the whole business of furnish- 
ing milk to these large cities. Market gardening, or the 
growing of small fruits and vegetables for the city markets, 
is also a profitable business near Baltimore and Washington. 
The mineral i^idustries of the Piedmont Plateau, although 
not so important relatively as manufacturing and agricul- 
ture, and not so important as those of the Appalachian 
Region, are, however, quite profitable. There are no great 
beds of coal, " cement rock," or fire-clay, as in western 
Maryland; but instead there are large quantities of fine 
building stone, limestone, and pottery materials, and 
smaller deposits of chrome ore, copper ore, mineral paints, 
and soapstone. The building stone industry is the most 
important. Large granite quarries are located at Port 




Fig. 22. 
Granite quarry, Port Deposit. (Md. Geol. Survey.) 



THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU 



41 




Fig. 23. 
Marble quarry, Cockeysville, Baltimore County. (Md. Geol. Survey.) 

Deposit, Woodstock, Ellicott City, and elsewhere. Mary- 
land granite has been used in the construction of many 
important buildings, including the Capitol and tlie Con- 
gressional Library in Washington, and the United States 
Naval Academy at Annapolis. Some fine tvliite marble is 
quarried at Cockeysville and Texas in Baltimore County. 
Some of the best slate in the famous Peach Bottom slate 
belt of Pennsylvania and Maryland is found in Harford 
County, Maryland. The beautiful red sandstone quarried 
near the mouth of Seneca Creek, Maryland, was used in 
the construction of the Smithsonian Institution in Wash- 
ington and many other important buildings. One of the 
most interesting and most beautiful decorative stones in 
Maryland is the serpentine found in Harford, Baltimore, 
and Cecil counties. This is a hard rock with a rich 



42 



MARYLAND 



emerald-green color clouded with darker streaks. It has 
been used considerably for interior decoration. The lime- 
stone industry has been carried on for a long time in the 
Piedmont Plateau. The limestone is burned to make lime 
for various uses. The chief centres of the industry are 
in Baltimore and Frederick counties. Mining for pottery 




Fig. 21. 
Limekiln, Liberty, Frederick County. 

materials^ which include kaolin, flint, and feldspar, is an 
active industry in certain parts of the Piedmont Region. 
The kaolin is mined chiefly at North East, Cecil County ; 
the flint chiefly in Harford County ; and the feldspar in 
Cecil, Baltimore, and Howard counties. Copper ores were 
mined early in colonial times and were among the im- 
portant mineral products of Maryland until the discovery 
of the great copper mines of Michigan. Most of the 
Maryland mines are now abandoned. Chrome ore^ used 
in the manufacture of paints and of chrome steel, occurs 



■*1 




BALTIMOllE 

AND VICINITY 

'A '{i 3/4 1 

I 1 -J 1 1 L 

1 jo MILES TO ONE INCH. 



44 MARYLAND 




Fig. 2G. — Panorama of Baltimore 

in Baltimore, Harford, and Cecil counties. Maryland was 
for years the chief source of the world's supply of this 
rare ore ; but in 1848 great deposits were discovered in 
Asia Minor, and the Maryland mines were abandoned. 
Strange to say, the chrome works at Baltimore are 
still in operation, although they find it cheaper to send 
to far-away Asia Minor for their ore. Soapstone has 
been quarried in Carroll, Harford, and Montgomery 
counties. 

Cities and Towns. — Baltimore is the chief city in Mary- 
land and the sixth in size of the country. The population in 
1900 was 508,957. The favorable location of Baltimore has 
been the chief cause of its growth. It is situated at the " fall 
line " on the Patapsco River, which is navigable for large 
vessels to the city's wharves, about 13 miles from Chesa- 
peake Bay and 170 miles from the Atlantic Ocean. It is 
closer by several hundred miles than New York or Boston 
to the great cotton belt of the South, to the grain-growing 
sections of the West, and to the lumber, coal, and iron 
wealth of the Appalachian Region, thus giving it cheap and 
easy access to the supplies required for industries of every 
kind, and attractinsf commerce by providing unusually 



THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU 



45 




and the Upper Harbor. 

favorable shipping facilities for the regions mentioned. 
Quite a number of railroads pass through it, while numer- 
ous lines of steamboats have developed an important coast- 
wise and foreign trade. All of these favorable features 




Fig. 27. 
Repairing a ship iu a large dry dock, Baltimore. 



46 



MARYLAND 



have resulted in a rapid growth in population, in the 
establishment of a large number of important manufac- 
turing industries, and in making Baltimore a great dis- 
tributing centre. The manufactures of Baltimore include 
almost every important industry. The city is the largest 





talk 










-fc » ' : r ' 


1 


^^^^^ui^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^l^^l 



Fig. 28. 
Eutaw Place, Baltimore. 

centre in the United States for the manufacture of ready- 
made clothing, shirts and overalls, straw hats, cotton 
duck, and fertilizers ; also first in the business of canning 
fruits and vegetables. It is one of the largest in the mak- 
ing of smoking tobacco and cigars, drugs and medicines, 
marble and stone, lumber and furniture, brick and tile, 
ships, floating docks, bridges, gas plants, and other great 



THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU 



47 



iron and steel structures. For years most of the copper 
of the great mines in Montana and Arizona has been 
shipped to Baltimore, refined at the great copper works 
here, and the pure copper shipped to all parts of the 
world. Baltimore has many handsome buildings and quite 




Fig. 29. 

Mount Vernon Place, Peabody Institute, and Washington Monument, 

Baltimore. 

a number of beautiful parks and streets. Druid Hill Park 
is a large park famed throughout the East for its natural 
scenic beauty. Eutaw Place and Mount Vernon Place are 
among the most beautiful streets. In view of the many 
handsome monuments scattered throughout the city, it 



48 



MARYLAND 




Fig. 30. 
City hall, Baltimore (post-office in the background). 

is well named the "Monumental City." Of these the 
largest is the Washington Monument, the first public 
monument erected to George Washington. The court- 
house, post-office, and city hall form a cluster of hand- 
some public buildings in the heart of the business section. 
The famous Johns Hopkins Hospital has a group of beau- 
tiful, well-equipped buildings which have no superior for 
their purpose in the country. Other fine buildings are the 




o 

I— ( 
pq 



CO a 
t» 
o 

d 

O 

w 

a 

o 

»-3 



19 



49 



50 



MARYLAND 



Peabody Institute, the Woman's College, the First Pres- 
byterian Church, the Roman Catholic Cathedral, Mount 
Vernon Place Methodist Church, Eutaw Place Baptist 
Church, and numerous handsome office buildings, banks, 
hotels, etc. 




Fig. 32. 

The Cathedral, Baltimore. 

Frederick, the second city in size in the Piedmont 
Plateau, is also the fourth city in the state, having a popu- 
lation of 9296. It is finely situated in the beautiful val- 
ley of the Monocacy, and is interesting historically as the 
place Avhere Washington and Braddock fitted out their 
famous expedition against the Indians in the French and 



Fig. 33. — Group of office buildings, Baltimore. 

51 



52 3fARYLAND 

Indian War. Frederick carries on quite a number of 
manufactures, including knitted goods, fibre brushes, 
wagon spokes, and straw hats. 

Havre de Grace is a thriving town of 3423 people. 
It is favorably situated at the mouth of the Susquehanna 
and on both the Pennsylvania and Baltimore and Ohio 
railroads. General Lafayette is said to have remarked 
that its location resembled that of the French port, hence 
its name. It supports quite a variety of manufactures 
as well as important fishing interests. 

Westminster, the county seat of Carroll County, had 
a population of 3199 in 1900. Like Frederick, it is the 
centre of an important agricultural district. Some fine 
marble is quarried in the vicinity. The Western Mary- 
land College is located here. 

Elkton, the county seat of Cecil County, has a popula- 
tion of 2542. It is located on the Elk River and on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, about halfway between Philadel- 
phia and Baltimore. It is in the midst of a fertile agri- 
cultural region and also has a variety of manufacturing 
industries. 

Washington, being in the District of Columbia, is 
politically outside of Maryland, but geographically it lies 
within the limits of the state, the sixty-five square miles of 
land at present constituting the District having been given 
by Maryland to the national government. Washington has 
about the same physical features and natural resources as 
the Maryland cities situated near the "fall line." It is 
well provided with means of transportation, being directly 
connected by rail with the East, the West, and the South. 
It is naturally well situated for a commercial and manu- 
facturing centre, being convenient to the immense water- 



THE PIEDMONT PLATEAU 53 

power stored in the Great Falls of the Potomac, and at 
the head of navigation on the wide and beautiful Potomac 
River ; but in spite of these advantages Washington has 
never become important along such lines, having been 
completely eclipsed by Baltimore. Washington is the 
fifteenth in size of the larger cities of the country, its 
population being 278,718 in 1900. It is chiefly important 
as the seat of the national government. The President 
of the United States lives here, his beautiful home being 
called ''The White House." Each state sends here its 
representatives and senators, who meet in the magnifi- 
cent Capitol building and pass laws for the government of 
the nation. Washington is the most beautiful city in the 
country. This is in part due to the presence of the Capi- 
tol, White House, Library of Congress, Washington 
Monument, and other great public buildings ; and also to 
the numerous monuments, the wide and well-paved streets, 
and the many beautiful parks. 

Review Questions on the Piedmont Plateau. — ^M//«ce 
Features. — Define the limits of the Piedmont Plateau. What is the 
"fall line"? What counties are included? Describe the surface. 
State the kind of rocks forming the Piedmont Plateau and the 
different eifects they have caused the streams to produce. 

Streams. — Name and locate the chief streams in the Piedmont 
Plateau. Which is the largest? W^hich flow into the Potomac? 
Chesapeake Bay? Trace on the map the divide between the two 
groups of streams. 

Railroads, Canals, and Highways. — Why is road-making easy in 
this region ? Trace the routes which goods M^ould take in going from 
Baltimore to Elkton ; to Washington ; to the southern part of the 
Eastern Shore by rail and by boat ; to Annapolis ; to St. Mary's 
County; to Hagerstown ; to Cumberland. 

Industries. — Name the most important industry in the Piedmont 
Plateau. Where is most of the manufacturing carried on? Name 



54 MARYLAND 

and locate some cities on or near the " fall line." How -does agricul- 
ture rank as an industry in this region ? Name some of the crops 
grown. Why are the dairy business and market gardening profitable 
industries in this region? AVhat are the important mineral indus- 
tries in the Piedmont Plateau? Locate some of the building-stone 
quarries. 

Cities and Towns. — Name six important cities and towns in the 
Piedmont Plateau. How does Baltimore rank in the region and state ? 
What are the chief reasons for the growth and prosperity of Balti- 
more? Name some of its manufactures. In which does it rank first 
in the country? Name some important buildings in Baltimore. 
State a few important facts about Frederick; Havre de Grace ; West- 
minster; Elkton. What relation does Washington, D.C., bear to 
Maryland? For what two things is Washington noted? How would 
you travel from where your school is located to the nearest large 
town? to Baltimore? to Washington? to Frederick? to Cumber- 
land? 



SECTION IV 

THE COASTAL PLAIN OR SOUTHEASTERN MARYLAND 

Surface Features. — The Coastal Plain or Southeastern 
Maryland comprises all that region extending from the 
<•<■ fall line " eastward to Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean, 




Fig. 34. 
Typical Coastal Plain scenery, Kent County. (Md. Geol. Survey.) 

and southward to the mouths of the Potomac and Poco- 
moke rivers. It is considerably the largest of the three 
great natural divisions, comprising over half of the land 
area of the state. The surface of the Coastal Plain is 
strikingly different from both the Appalachian Region and 

55 



56 3IABYLAND 

the Piedmont Plateau. It is a broad, low, nearly level 
plain inclined slightly toward the ocean. Along its west- 
ern edge it sometimes attains an altitude of three hundred 
feet or more, from which elevation it gradually decreases 
until in its southeastern portion it is only a few feet above 
the sea. It is cross 3d by many tide-washed bays and estu- 
aries, which make the Maryland coast-line one of the longest 




Fig. 35. 
Calvert Cliffs on Chesapeake Bay, Calvert County. (Md. Geol. Survey.) 

in the country. Chesapeake Bay is the most striking of 
these bodies of water. It has an area of 1203 square 
miles, and extends almost across the state from the south 
to the north, dividing the Coastal Plain region into tv/o 
quite distinct portions, a lower eastern division and a more 
elevated western division. These divisions are commonly 
known as the Eastern Shore and the Western Shore, 
although these terms apply also to the corresponding por- 
tions of Virginia. The portion of the Western Shore 
south of Baltimore is known as Southern Maryland. 

Streams. — The whole Coastal Plain region has in the 
past slowly sunk to such a point that the ocean flowed 
into the lower end of the Susquehanna River, which used 



THE COASTAL PLAIN 57 

to extend to Cape Henry, and thus formed Chesapeake 
Bay. The streams now flowing into the Chesapeake were 
formerly branches of the Susquehanna, but their lower 
ends have been " drowned " in the same way as the Sus- 
quehanna, thus forming the wide estuaries which exist for 
short distances up from their mouths. Name some of the 
important streams on the Western Shore ; the Eastern 
Shore. On the Atlantic Coast side of the Eastern Shore 
there are no streams of importance, but there are several 
long, shallow bays separated from the Atlantic Ocean by 
long, narrow sand-bars. Name the largest of these. 

Railroads, Boat Lines, and Highways. — The Coastal Plain 
reo-ion is well supplied with transportation facilities. 
Many lines of boats run between the small towns located 
on all the rivers, and even find their way to the interior of 
hundreds of farms. In addition to the boat lines, tlie rail- 
roads have made a network on the Eastern Shore, the 
chief ones being the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Bal- 
timore, Queen Anne's, and the Baltimore, Chesapeake, 
and Atlantic. The northern part of the Western Shore 
is traversed by the Pennsylvania and Baltimore and Ohio 
roads, and is therefore well taken care of. Southern 
Maryland has three roads to Annapolis, and one from 
Bowie southward through the main peninsula almost to 
Point Lookout. The flatness of the Coastal Plain surface 
has rendered the making of good highways comparatively 
easy, although this is sometimes offset by a lack of good 
road-making materials. On the whole, however, the 
Coastal Plain is well i^rovided with excellent wagon 

roads. 

Industries. — Agriculture \^ the chief occupation of the 
people throughout the Coastal Plain. In this connection 



58 



MARYLAND 



there are two quite well-defined districts to be recognized, 
the Eastern Shore and the southern Western Shore, or 
Southern Maryland. The Uastern Shore of Maryland is 
one of the finest farming sections in the United States for 
small fruits and vegetables. Tomatoes and corn are raised 
in large quantities and canned in the vicinity. Nearly 
every town has one or more canneries. The extensive 




Fig. 36. 
Strawberry field on the Eastern Shore. 

and highly successful peach and pear orchards of the 
Eastern Shore are famous. Large nurseries for growing 
young fruit trees to sell also constitute a most profitable 
pursuit at certain places. The most noted of these are 
the nurseries at Berlin, Worcester County, which cover 
over one thousand acres. Large crops of corn and wheat 
are also obtained on the Eastern Shore, especially in the 
northern counties. Southern Maryland includes the coun- 



THE COASTAL PLAIN 



59 



ties vsoutli of Baltimore and Washington. In Anne Arun- 
del and Prince George's counties the conditions are very 
similar to those on the Eastern Shore. Large quantities 
of tomatoes and corn are grown and canned here also. 
Proximity to Baltimore and Washington makes truck 
farming, or the raising of small fruits and vegetables, very 




Fig. 37. 
Young apple trees at the Berlin nurseries. 

profitable. In Anne Arundel County are hundreds of 
acres of watermelon and canteloupe patches, and straw- 
berry, raspberry, and blackberry fields. Every summer 
hundreds of families of Bohemians and negroes move 
from the city to this region to serve as "pickers." They 
camp out during the summer and return to the city in the 
fall. Considerable corn and wheat is grown throughout 
Southern Maryland, especially in the central portion. In 



60 



MARYLAND 



the soutliern counties the great crop is tobacco, large 
quantities of which are grown every year. This has always 
been so since the earliest colonial times. It is very inter- 
esting to follow the various steps in the growing, curing, 




Fig. 38. 
Tobacco field in Southern Maryland. 

and shipping of tobacco. The seed is sown in hotbeds; 
from which the young plants are removed later and planted 
in the fields. When the plants are nearly grown, they are 
" topped," or have the flower stalk cut off^ so as to make 
the leaves grow larger. The leaves when grown are often 
two feet long and nearly a foot wide. The whole plant is 
cut down, and quite a number are strung on a rod which 
is passed through a hole in the stem. The rods are then 
hung in great barns, which are kept nearly closed most of 
the time until the following season, so that the tobacco 
can " cure " or partially dry very gradually. When cured 



THE COASTAL PLAIN 



61 



the leaves are stripped from the stalk, packed in large 
casks at first by foot pressure, and then the contents of 
two or three casks are pressed into one by removing false 
bottoms and using great screw presses. The casks when 
ready to be shipped to the warehouses weigh about seven 
hundred pounds. In colonial times so many of the farmers 
of Maryland grew tobacco, it was used like money for 
purposes of trade. The oyster industry^ crab industry^ and 
fisheries stand next to agriculture in importance among 
the industries of the Coastal Plain region. Five million 




Fig. 39. 
Oyster fleet in the Lower Harbor, Baltimore. 

bushels of oysters^ having a value of 13,500,000, are ob- 
tained every year. These supply local demands, and the 
immense surplus is canned and shipped to almost every 
inland town in the country. Maryland ranks first in the 
country in the oyster-canning business. Great oyster can- 
neries are located at Baltimore, Crisfield, St. Michaels, 
Oxford, and Annapolis. A fleet of nearly five thousand 
boats is engaged in the oyster business. The oysters 
live attached to stones, wooden objects, and old oyster 
shells, in great " beds " in the shallow waters along the 



62 



MARYLAND 




1. Packing oysters. 

2. Eaw shucking. 

3. Burning oyster shells to make lime, 



Fig. 40. 

The oyster industry. 

4. Cooking oysters. 



5. Steamed-oyster shuckers. 

6. Weighing and canning. 



shores of the Chesapeake and its tributaries. The 
oystermen catch them either with " tongs," which look 
like a pair of rakes fastened together, or with " dredges," 
which are scoop-like affairs that are dragged along the 
bottom at the ends of long ropes fastened to the sides of 



THE COASTAL PLAIN 63 

the dredging boats. Of the fish the most important 
is the shad. It is estimated that 2,250,000 or more shad 
are secured from Maryland waters each year. Every 
year the United States Fish Commission empties into 
the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries from 65,000,000 
to 75,000,000 young shad to support the shad fisheries 
of the state. There is a small fish called the menhaden, 
which is extremely abundant on the Atlantic coast. It 
is not good to eat, but a valuable oil is extracted from its 
body by pressure and the solid part remaining is used in 
the manufacture of fertilizers. In a single favorable year 
92,000,000 pounds of these little fish have been caught in 
Chesapeake Bay, the value of which was about 1300,000. 
More than eighty per cent of the Atlantic coast catch of 
the highly prized Spanish mackerel is made in Chesapeake 
Bay. About 100,000,000 pounds of herring are also taken, 
and large quantities of bay trout, bluefish, white perch, and 
rock, together with smaller quantities of less important fish, 
are obtained. The erahs also support an immense indus- 
try. Crabs are so numerous that the competition for food 
causes them to be always hungry and ready to seize any 
sort of animal food. It is said that a single crabber 
sometimes catches 2000 between sunrise and ten in the 
morning. The total catch is estimated to be about 750,000 
bushels of hard-shell crabs and 700,000 dozen soft-shell 
crabs. The local markets are fully supplied, and then the 
surplus of hard-shell crabs is picked and the crab meat 
canned in the canneries at Oxford, Cambridge, Crisfield, 
and elsewhere. 

The mineral industries of the Coastal Plain, though quite 
profitable, are of less importance than those of the Appa- 
lachian Region or the Piedmont Plateau. They differ 



64 



MARYLAND 



also in the character of the materials mined. The most 
valuable clai/s in the state occur in a band which runs 
along the western margin of the Coastal Plain east of the 
"fall line." These clay deposits support numerous brick- 
yards, tile, terra-cotta and sewer-pipe works, potteries, 
etc., some of which are within the Coastal Plain and others 
in the cities along its margin. Some clays are also found 




Fig. 41. 
Terra-cotta works at Baltimore. (Md. Geol. Survey.) 

on the Eastern Shore, which are made into bricks for 
local use. A valuable deposit of the finest quality of 
glass sand has been mined with profit on the Severn River 
in Anne Arundel County. Considerable ''•silica,''^ or 
diatomaceous earth, is found in Calvert and Charles coun- 
ties. It is mined at several places and used as a polish- 
ing powder, and in making dynamite. Considerable hog 
iron ore is found in some of the clay beds already re- 
ferred to, most of which is smelted at the furnace at 



THE COASTAL PLAIN 



Q^ 




Fig. 42. 

Turning jars in a Baltimore pottery. 



Muirkirk, and made into a valuable variety of iron used 
by the United States government in the manufacture of 



Q6 



MARYLAND 



armor-piercing projectiles. Manufacturing is of subordi- 
nate importance in the Coastal Plain region. Neverthe- 
less, there are numerous manufactures carried on which 
Avill be mentioned in connection with the various cities 
and towns. 

Cities and Towns. — Annapolis, the capital of the state, 




ANNAPOLIS 

AND VICIMTY 



l!i MILES TO 1 INCH 



Fig. 43. 
Map of Annapolis. 

is the fifth city in size, its population in 1900 being 8402. 
It was settled in 1649, and is therefore one of the oldest 
towns in the state. Many fine old colonial buildings are 
still standing, of which the state-house is the most nota- 
ble (see Fig. 44, page 70). The United States Naval 



THE COASTAL PLAIN 67 

Academy is located here in a large group of handsome 
buildings. St. Johns College, the direct successor of the 
first public school in Maryland, being chartered in 1784, 
is also located at Annapolis. There are good transporta- 
tion facilities by rail and steamboat lines. The chief 
industry is oyster dredging and packing. 

Cambridge, the sixth city in the state, with a popula- 
tion of 5747, is the largest town on the Eastern Shore. It 
is the chief shipping point for the products of the fertile 
farming region which surrounds it. It has a good har- 
bor, and its transportation facilities are excellent. The 
chief industries are oyster packing, canning of fruits 
and vegetables, manufacture of shirts, and of lumber 

products. 

Salisbury, with its population of 4277 people, is one 
of the most progressive towns on the Eastern Shore. It 
is an important shipping centre, and has numerous manu- 
factures. Of these the most important are lumber prod- 
ucts, especially baskets, crates, and barrels, for use in 
shipping the great quantities of small fruits grown in 
the vicinity, artificial ice, canned goods, bricks, fertil- 
izers, etc. 

Crisfield, the largest town in Somerset County, with 
3165 inhabitants, is an important centre of the oyster, 
crab, and fish interests. In summer, it is said to be the 
largest crab-shipping point in the country. 

Easton, whose population is 3074, is one of the most 
important towns on the Eastern Shore. It is quite a 
railroad centre, and has important oyster interests and 
numerous small manufactures. 

Chestertown is one of the oldest towns on the East- 
ern Shore, having been settled in 1706. It has a popu- 



68 MARYLAND 

lation of 3008. It has a large strawboard factory, a 
carriage factory, and numerous other factories of less 
importance. Washington College is located here. 

Review Questions on the Coastal Plain. — Surface Features. 
— Define the limits of the Coastal Plain. AVhat proportion of the state 
does it include? How does the surface of the Coastal Plain differ 
from that of the Piedmont and Appalachian regions? How does the 
Maryland coast-line rank? What makes it so long? Into what two 
divisions does Chesapeake Bay divide the Coastal Plain? What 
counties are included in the P^astern Shore? in Southern Maryland? 

Streams. — How were the Chesapeake and the wide lower ends 
of its tributaries formed ? Name and locate some of the important 
streams flowing into Chesapeake Bay. Are there any important 
Maryland streams flowing directly into the Atlantic Ocean ? 

JR.ailroads, Boat Lines, and Highicays. — Trace the routes goods would 
take in going to Baltimore from Wicomico County ; Kent County ; 
Dorchester County ; St. Mary's County ; Anne Arundel County. Does 
the Coastal Plain have good highways? 

Industries. — AVhat is the chief industry of the Coastal Plain region? 
What are the chief crops grown on the Eastern Shore? How are most 
of the tomato and corn crops usually disposed of ? What sjjecial agri- 
cultural industry flourishes at Berlin and elsewhere ? Name the chief 
crops grown in Southern Maryland. Describe the tobacco industry. 
What important industries rank next to agriculture in the Coastal 
Plain region? What is Maryland's rank in the oyster-canning busi- 
ness? State a few important facts about the oyster industry ; the shad 
industry; the menhaden industry; the crab industry. Where are the 
most valuable clays in Maryland found? What other mineral prod- 
ucts are mined in the Coastal Plain ? What is the relative rank of 
manufacturing as an industry in the Coastal Plain? 

Cities and Towns. — Name six important towns in the Coastal 
Plain region. Which is the largest? Which is the capital of the 
state? Which is the largest on the Eastern Shore? Name some 
important facts about Annapolis; Cambridge; Salisbury; Crisfield; 
Easton ; Chestertown. How would you travel from your school to 
the nearest large town? to Baltimore? to Washington? to Cumber- 
land ? 



SECTION V 

GOVERNMENT AND EDUCATION 

Government. — The people of Maryland enjoy the same 
rights and privileges which all of the states enjoy from 
being a part of this land of freedom. Like the other 
states also it has its own government in affairs which con- 
cern the state alone. The people of the state elect the 
twenty-six state Senators and ninety-one Delegates of 
the General Assembly, which makes laws for the govern- 
ment of state affairs. They also elect a Governor, who 
appoints the Secretary of State and other less important 
state officials who assist him in the work of carrying out 
the laws made by the General Assembly. They also elect 
a large number of Judges, who decide all disputes in re- 
gard to the laws, hear trials for breaking them, etc. The 
General Assembly meets in the state-house at Annapolis 
in January of every other year and may remain in session 
ninety days. The Governor may also call an extra ses- 
sion if necessary. The state is divided into twenty-three 
counties and Baltimore City, which is not in any county. 
There are no townships, such as many states have, but the 
local affairs of the cities and towns are carried on by 
officers according to charters and special acts. 

Education. — The first public school in Maryland was 
opened in 1696, more than two hundred years ago, at 
Annapolis. There are two separate public school systems 

69 




Fig. 44. — State-house, Annapolis. 



GOVEENMUNT AND EDUCATION Tl 

now in operation in Maryland, one for the state, governed 
by a Board of Public Education, of which the Governor is 
the head, and the other for the City of Baltimore, governed 
by a City Board appointed by the Mayor. There is a 
State Superintendent of Public Education and a City 
Superintendent. There are two State Normal Schools for 
the training of teachers, one of them in Baltimore and one 

in Frostburg. 

For higher education, there are a number of colleges ot 
good standing in the state, the most important institutions 
being located in Baltimore, which is the educational centre 
of the state and one of the most important in the country. 
At the front stands the Johns Hopkins University. 
In foreign countries Baltimore is known chiefly as the place 
where the famous Johns Hopkins University is located. 
Among other educational institutions in Baltimore are the 
Woman's College, the Maryland University, Peabody 
Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Maryland 
Institute, St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore Medical College, 
Maryland College of Pharmacy, and the Baltimore College 
of Dental Surgery, the oldest college of dentistry m the 
world Outside of Baltimore the most important institu- 
tions are St. Johns College at Annapolis, Maryland 
Agricultural College at College Park, Washington College 
at Chestertown, Western Maryland College at West- 
minster, and Mount St. Mary's College at Emmitsburg. 

Review Questions— 6^o..mm.nf. -Name some of the rights and 
privileges you enjoy because you live in the United States. Who 
Lkes the laws for the state of Maryland? Who carry them out ^ 
Who decide disputes about them? How are the various public 
officials elected? How is Maryland divided? How are the cities and 
towns governed ? 



72 MARYLAND 

Education. — How long ago was the first public school in Maryland 
opened? What officials look after the public schools of the state? 
of Baltimore? Locate the State Normal Schools. Where is the 
educational centre of the state ? Which is the most famous institution 
for higher education ? Name some other institutions in Baltimore ; 
outside of Baltimore. 



APPENDIX 



POPULATION OF MARYLAND, 1900 



Total population 1,188,044 

Males 5S9,275 

Females 589,769 

Native born 1,094,110 

Foreign born 93,934 

Total white 952,424 



Native white 859,280 

Negroes 235,064 

Chinese 544 

Japanese 9 

Indians, taxed 3 



FACTS ABOUT THE COUNTIES 



County Area in Sq. Mi.^ 

Allegany 441 

Anne Arundel 430 

Baltimore 677 ^ 

Calvert 217 

Caroline 317 

Carroll 445 

Cecil 375 

Charles 462 

Dorchester 573 

Frederick 660 

Garrett 681 

Harford 440 

Howard 249 

Kent 281 

Montgomery 518 

Prince George's 480 

Queen Anne's 363 

Somerset 329 

St. Mary's .369 

Talbot 267 

Washington 457 

Wicomico 369 

Worcester 492 

Total 

Baltimore City 

State total 



pulation, 1900 


County Seat 


53,694 


Cumberland 


39,620 


Annapolis 


90,755 


Towson 


10,223 


Prince Fredericktown 


16,248 


Denton 


33,860 


Westminster 


24,662 


Elkton 


17,662 


La Plata 


27,962 


Cambridge 


51,920 


Frederick 


17,701 


Oakland 


28,269 


Belair 


16,715 


Ellicott City 


18,786 


Chestertown 


30,451 


Rockville 


29,898 


Upper Marlboro 


18,364 


Centerville 


25,923 


Princess Anne 


17,182 


Leonard town 


20,342 


Easton 


45,133 


Hagerstown 


22,852 


Salisbury 


20,865 


Snow Hill 


679,087 




508,957 




1,188,044 





1 The areas of the counties as given above are from recent data prepared by the Mary- 
land Geological Survey. 

2 Includes Baltimore City. 



73 



74 



MARYLAND 



POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS OP MAEYLAND 



Towns, etc. 1900 

Aberdeen 600 

Annapolis 8,402 

Baltimore 508,957 

Barnesville 125 

Belair 961 

Berlin 1,256 

Bishopville 243 

Bladen sburg 433 

Bloomington 895 

Boonsboro 700 

Bowie 443 

Bridgetown 50 

Brookeville 158 

Brunswick 2,471 

Burkittsville 229 

Cambridge 5,747 

Cecilton 447 

Centerville 1,231 

Charlestown 244 

Chesapeake 1 ,172 

Chestertown 3,008 

Church Hill 368 

Clear Spring 474 

Crisfield 3,165 

Crumpton 207 

Cumberland 17,128 

Damascus 148 

Darlington 260 

Deer Park 293 

Delmar 659 

Denton 900 

East New Market 1,267 

Easton 3,074 

Elkton 2,542 

Ellicott City 1,331 

Emmitsburg 849 

Federalsburg 539 

Frederick 9,296 

Frostburg 5,274 

Funkstown 559 

Gaithersburg 547 

Garrett Park 175 

Girdletree 336 

Grantsville 175 

Greensboro 641 

Hagerstown 13,591 

Hampstead 480 

Hancock 824 

Havre de Grace 3,423 



1890 

448 

7,604 

434,439 

1,416 
974 
275 
503 
295 
766 



273 
4,192 

485 
1,309 

228 
1,155 
2,632 

596 

l',565 

317 

12,729 

239 
179 

'641 

2.939 

2,318 
1,488 
844 
543 
8,193 
3,804 



902 

10,118 

521 

815 

3,244 



Towns, etc. 1900 1890 

Hillsboro 196 174 

Hurlock 280 

Hyattstown 81 .... 

Hyattsville 1,222 1,509 

Keedysville 426 420 

Kensington 477 .... 

Laurel 2,079 1,984 

Laytonsville 148 .... 

Leonardtown 454 521 

Loch Lynn Heights 215 .... 

Lonaconing 2,181 .... 

Manchester 609 273 

Middletown 665 667 

MilUngton 406 485 

Mountain Lake Park 260 .... 

Mount Airy 332 

New Windsor 430 414 

Northeast 969 1,249 

Oakland 1,170 1,046 

Ocean City 365 85 

Oxford 1,243 1,135 

Perry ville 770 344 

Piscataway 95 

Pocomoke 2,124 1,866 

Poolesville 236 

Port Deposit 1,575 1,908 

Preston 192 

Princess Anne 854 365 

Queenstown 374 

Ridgely 713 215 

PvisingSun 382 384 

Rockville 1,110 1,568 

St. Michael's 1,043 1,329 

Salisbury 4,277 2,905 

Sharpsburg 1,030 1,163 

Sharptown 529 427 

Smithburg 462 487 

Snow Hill 1,596 1,483 

Sudlersville 221 125 

Takoma 756 164 

Taueytown 665 566 

Thurmont 868 

Trappe 279 251 

Union Bridge 663 743 

Upper Marlboro 449 439 

Walkersville 359 255 

Westernport 1,998 1,526 

Westminster 3,199 2,903 

Williamsport 1,472 1,277 



MARYLAND'S INDUSTRIAL RANK AMONG THE STATES IN 1900 1 



Oyster canning 1 

Fertilizers 1 

Shipbuilding 2 

Preserving foods 2 

Tobacco manufactures 6 

Cigars, etc 10 

Iron and steel 10 

Furniture 10 



Cotton goods 13 

Paper making 13 

Foundery and machinery 14 

Planing mill work 15 

Meat packing 15 

Flour and grist 19 

Lumber 32 



1 Rearranged from "Maryland As It Is." 



APPENDIX 



MAKYLAND MINERAL PEODUCTS» 



75 



The following table contains the values of the average output of Maryland mineral 
products during recent years : — 

, , $3,750,000 

Coal , . . . . 1,100,000 

Brick and tile 500,000 

Pottery 10,000 

Kaolin 27,500 

Flint 50,000 

Sands 5,000 

Marls 5,000 

Silica, or tripoh 20,000 

Iron ore (carbonate) • • • 80,000 

Mineral paints 

Building stone — ..$500,000 

Granite and gneiss '*' 80,000 

Limestone '.'.'.'.'.'.'.. lOo'oOO 

Slate • 80 000 

Marble and serpentine '.*.'.'... So'oOO 

Sandstone . ... 5^000 

Gabbro " ".*,*'.'.'.'.'. 5,000 

Miscellaneous • 800,000 

Cenaent— $180,000 

Rock cement 20,000 

Portland cement __J 200,000 

, ^ .,,. , 720,000 

Lime (agricultural and building) 5qq 

Gold ...'. 100,000 

Road materials 35,000 

Mineral waters . — 

Total ^^'^^^'^^^ 



MARYLAND WATER PRODUCTS i 

The following table presents what is regarded as a fair estimate of the annual catch, and 

its value for each of the species mentioned : — 

5,000,000 bush. $3,500,000 

Oysters 2,250,000 fish 200,000 

Shad ; 92,000,000 lbs. 300,000 

Menhaden 1,200,000" 120,000 

Mackerel 11,100,000 " 450,000 

Bay trout .. 4,400,000" 260,000 

Bluefish . . 14,000,000 " 1,120,000 

White perch _ 11,000,000 " 440,000 

Yellow perch 100,000,000 " 1,000,000 

Fresh herring ; 14,000,000 " 1,400,000 

TJnok fish \" '.'"s 10 nno ooo " 500,000 

Mixed fish (flounders, pike, pickerel, etc.) ; ^^f^f^^ ^^,^^ 840,000 

Hardshell crabs , 700,000 doz. 325,000 

Softshell crabs , 50,000 

Terrapin [['.'..[.... ..^..^- 5,000,000 l^.^^Q 

Clams ~~" 

$10,020,000 
Total 



1 



From "Natural Resources of Maryland," 



76 MAEYLAND 



Reference Books and Maps 

" Maryland, Its Resources, Industries, and Institutions." Written for 
the World's Fair by members of Johns Hopkins University and 
others. Baltimore, 1893. 

" The Physical Features of Maryland," by William Bullock Clark. In 
Vol. I of Reports of Maryland Geological Survey. Baltimore, 1897. 

" The Physiography of Maryland," by Cleveland Abbe, Jr. In Vol. I 
of Reports of Maryland Weather Service. Baltimore, 1899. 

" Maryland Building Stones," by Edward B. Mathews. In Vol. II of 
Reports of Maryland Geological Survey. Baltimore, 1898. 

" The Clays of Maryland," by H. Ries and members of the Mary- 
land Geological Survey. In Vol. IV of Reports of the Survey. 
Baltimore, 1902. 

" Maps and Reports on the Counties of Maryland," by the Maryland 
Geological Survey. The following have been published : Topo- 
graphic, Geologic, and Soil Maps and accompanying Report, 
Allegany, Garrett, and Cecil counties. The three maps, report 
not yet published, St. Mary's and Calvert counties. Topographic 
map only published, Harford, Worcester, Prince George's, and 
Kent counties. 

Fine maps made by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with 
the Maryland Geological Survey, covering the larger part of Mary- 
land, can also be obtained from the Maryland Geological Survey. 
Each map covers an area of about 250 square miles and costs 
but 5 cents. The region between Rockville, Westminster, and 
Hagerstown has not yet been mapped. 

" Maryland As It Is." Published by the Maryland Board of Public 
Works. Baltimore, 1903. 

"Maryland and Its Counties." In the 12th Annual Report of the 
Maryland Bureau of Statistics. Baltimore, 1903. 

" The Coals of Maryland," by William Bullock Clark, G. C. Martin, 
and others. In Vol. V of the Reports of the Maryland Geological 
Survey. In press. 

Map of Maryland. 50 x 33 inches. Published by the U. S. Post Office 
Department, Washington, D.C. Price, 80 cents. 

" The Natural Resources of Maryland." A pamphlet issued by the 
Maryland Geological Survey. 



Tarr and McMurry's Geographies 

A New Series of Geographies in Two, Three, or Five Volumes 

By RALPH S. TARR, B.S., F.Q.S.A. 

Cornell University 
AND 

FRANK M. McMURRY, Ph.D. 

Teachers College, Columbia University 



TWO BOOK SERIES 

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THE THREE BOOK SERIES 

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as a Whole 60 cents 

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THE FIVE BOOK SERIES 

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Third Part (6th year) North America 75 cents 

Fourth Part (7th year) Europe, South America, etc. . . .50 cents 
Fifth Part (8th year) Asia and Africa, with Review of North 

America (with State Supplement) 50 cents 

Without Supplement 40 cents 

Home Geography, Greater New York Edition .... 5c cents net 
Teachers' Manual of Method in Geography. By Charles A. 

McMuRRY 40 cents net 

To meet the requirements of some courses of study, the section from the Third 
Book, treating of South America, is bound up with the Second Book, thus bringing 
North America and South America together in one volume. 

The* following Supplementary Volumes have also been prepared, and maybe 
had separately or bound together with the Third Book of the Three Book Series, 
or the Fifth Part of the Five Book Series : 

SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUMES 

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New York State ... 30 cents 

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Kansas 30 cents 



Tennessee 30 cents 

When ordering, be careful to specify the Book or Part and the Series desired, 
and whether with or without the State Supplement. 

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

64-66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 
BOSTON CHICAGO ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO 



Tarr and McMurry^s Geographies 



COMMENTS 



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seen.'" — H. J. Wightman, Superintendent. 

Boston, Mass. — " I have been teaching the subject in the Boston Nor- 
mal School for over twenty years, and Book I is the book I have 
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— Miss L. T. Moses, Normal School. 

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THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 

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